Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essays - Free Essays

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essays - Free Essays ECO/365 Version 4 Principles of Microeconomics Learning Team Competitive Strategies and Government Policies As a team, choose an industry. Assume management in that industry has recognized the effect of changes in the real-world competitive environment and government policies on other industries and anticipates similar events occurring in their industry, so they ask you for a report considering the following points. Write a 1,400 1,750 word paper in which you describe how each of the following are now, and will in the future, affecting your chosen industry: New companies entering the market, mergers, and globalization, on pricing and the sustainability of profits: Identify the type of merger activity in your industry or one with which you are familiarhorizontal, vertical, or conglomerateand explain why you made that choice. Current and expected government policies and regulations, including taxes and regulations in place to address issues related to externalities Global competition on the decisions made by management with regards to change in labor demand, supply, relations, unions, and rules and regulations in your chosen industry Recommend how the industry you chose may respond to each of the previous points. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Competitive Strategies and Government Policies In 1769, the first human transport automobile was created by using a steam engine. In 1806, the automobile evolved from the steam engine to an internal combustion engine which was powered by fuel gas. Nearly eighty years later, the petrol-fueled internal combustion engine was created. Electric power was briefly introduced in the 20th century. From 1769 until today, the automobile industry has experienced tremendous breakthroughs and there is no telling what lies ahead. According to the Economist (2013) A variety of driver assistance technologies are appearing on new cars, which will not only take a lot of the stress out of driving in traffic but also prevent many accidents. The Economist also states that Sergey Brin, a co-founder of Google, predicts that driverless cars will be ready for sale to customers within five years. The automobile industry has changed throughout the years and so has the competition. Governments have also become more environmental conscious and imposed policies and regulations for automakers which are almost certain to continue in the future. Management has not only recognized the changes that have occurred in the past, but they also recognize the changes that have yet to occur and must properly plan to ensure long-term profitability. New Companies The United States automobile industry consists of the same major companies that pioneered its existence. Such companies as General Motors and Ford have claimed their fair share of the market; however foreign automobile makers Toyota and Honda have interjected themselves in the U.S. automobile industry and have done so in a competitive fashion. The automobile industry is categorized as an oligopoly. In this particular market structure, outside companies are capable of entering the automobile industry, but in some cases there can be barriers of entry and exit. According to Colander, D. (2010) Implicit collusion among U.S. automobile firms led to foreign firms entry into the U.S. automobile market. Basically, a collective decision is made to reduce or increase pricing in the industry without companies specifically meeting to do so. In the global market, the automobile industry is competitive and creates opportunities to increase production along with establishing operations in other countries throughout the world. The ability to sustain a level of profits will be a challenge. With fluctuating market pricing, market share of the automobile industry can be increased or reduced. In some cases, making a significant price reduction can eliminate a competitor from the industry, which can result in long-term profits. Merger Activity The automobile industry has a long history of mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and alliances. In 1904 Ford Motor Company partnered with a Canadian carriage-maker. Though not a vertical merger, the partnership increased Fords production efficiency. The most recent automobile acquisition was Chrysler completed by Fiat Corporation. Fiat eventually purchased a controlling share in Chryslers stock and now has controlling ownership. A bankrupt Chrysler was pulled up by the bootstraps and the initial alliance with Fiat provided Chrysler with a platform to build more fuel-efficient cars. Fiat has increased the firms globalization and economies of scale by strategically gaining control of Chrysler. Government regulations, globalization

Overview of the Medulla Oblongata

Overview of the Medulla Oblongata The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing. Motor and sensory neurons from the midbrain and forebrain travel through the medulla. As a part of the brainstem, the medulla oblongata helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord. The medulla contains myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Myelinated nerves (white matter) are covered with a myelin sheath composed of lipids and proteins. This sheath insulates axons and promotes more efficient conduction of nerve impulses than unmyelinated nerve fibers (gray matter). A number of cranial nerve nuclei are located in the gray matter of the medulla oblongata. The upper region of the medulla forms the fourth cerebral ventricle. The fourth ventricle is a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid and is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct. The lower portion of the medulla narrows forming portions of the central canal of the spinal cord. Function The medulla oblongata is involved in several functions of the body including: Control of autonomic functionsRelay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cordCoordination of body movementsRegulation of mood The medulla is the control center for cardiovascular and respiratory system activity. It regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. The medulla also controls involuntary reflex actions such as swallowing, sneezing, and gag reflex. Another major function of the medulla is the control and coordination of voluntary movement. A number of cranial nerve nuclei are located in the medulla. Some of these nerves are important for speech, head and shoulder movement, and food digestion. The medulla also aids in the transfer of sensory information between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. It relays sensory information to the thalamus and from there is sent to the cerebral cortex. Location Directionally, the medulla oblongata is inferior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum. It is the lowest portion of the hindbrain and is continuous with the spinal cord. Features Some anatomical features of the medulla oblongata include: Median fissures - shallow groves located along the anterior and posterior portions of the medulla.Olive - paired oval structures on the medulla surface that contain nerve fibers which connect the medulla to the pons and cerebellum.Pyramid - two rounded masses located on opposite sides of the anterior median fissure. These nerve fibers connect the medulla to the spinal cord, pons, and cerebral cortex.Fasciculus gracilis - a continuation of the bundle of nerve fiber tracts that extend from the spinal cord to the medulla. Injury to the Medulla Injury to the medulla oblongata may result in a number of sensory-related problems. These include numbness, paralysis, difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and lack of movement control. Because the medulla controls vital autonomic functions, such as breathing and heart rate, damage to this area of the brain can be fatal. Drugs and other chemical substances can impact the medullas ability to function. An opiate overdose can be deadly because these drugs inhibit medulla activity and the body becomes unable to perform vital functions. The chemicals in anesthesia work by acting on the medulla to decrease autonomic activity. This results in a lower breathing rate and heart rate, relaxation of muscles, and  loss of consciousness.​

My position on the Civil War and an argument against it. (MOD 2 Disc Assignment

My position on the Civil War and an argument against it. (MOD 2 Disc 1) - Assignment Example From a modern perspective, slavery and the associated treatment of black people are incomprehensible and immoral. Another reason to support the Union is that it was the side of the democratically elected Abraham Lincoln (McPherson & Hogue, 2009), and held the same view as the majority of Americans (23 states as opposed to 11 Confederate states [McPherson & Hogue, 2009]). It is wrong, however, to assume that the winning side is always the right side. In every story there are several viewpoints and we cannot see everything in black and white. One of the main problems with the Union is related to the democracy point raised above. 23 states wanted to abolish slavery, but 11 states didnt. The Union encouraged ignoring the views of over 5 million people (McPherson & Hogue, 2009) in the Southern states, which is something that a true democracy could not. It is easy to say that the Union was in favour of freedom, but another type of freedom is freedom of opinion, and it could be said that the Confederacy had this taken away from them by the Unionists zeal for abolition. It is also possible to argue in favour of the Confederacy. It can be argued that the Confederate states were aiming to protect themselves; not only their way of life with regard to slavery, but also to protect their economy from the Union (McPherson & Hogue, 2009). It is also wrongly assumed that Confederacy states were the only ones that employed and imported slaves (McPherson & Hogue, 2009). It is evident that the story here is not just black and

Essay on Employment Law in Australia Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Employment Law in Australia - Essay Example It may not have been the intention of the employee to depict the scenario that has been adopted by the employer in the situation. In so doing, the employee lacks the forum to explain his or her actions leading to an unfair dismissal that could have been averted had proper investigations be done. Several reasons that employers issue are common grounds for unfair dismissal and infringement of statutory employment rights that each employee is entitled to according to Ford, Notestine, and Hill (2000). A common cause of unfair dismissal is when an employee makes a public interest disclosure (Stewart, 2011) as seen in the case of Andrea who disclosed information that was of public interest but was not necessarily related to the company's operational information. In order to seek fairness in the termination of her employment, Andrea sought to bring a lawsuit against the company in light of common law actions which are lawsuits governed by the general principles of law derived from court dec isions. Andrea is allowed to approach a court of law and initiate a lawsuit against her employer in which she will seek to show that her actions were in no way intended to cause harm to the organization but merely to inform her friends about the impending danger that may be encountered when one leaves their valuables near unlocked doors. It is allowed that a case be heard in the civil court before a tribunal that will determine whether the employee had been dismissed unfairly and even if the dismissal was justified, it will determine whether the nature in which it was done was appropriate and fair to the employee. Andrea is allowed in court to demonstrate the fact that the email she sent to her friends was only meant to warn them about the dangers she herself had encountered in her home so that they can take better care of their belongings in their houses. She can also demonstrate that the email was only sent to the members of staff within the company and not to outsiders as a means of trying to warn and protect her fellow staff members out of concern for their safety. It would only be natural for a person to try and warn her fellow staff members taking the lesson out of her own personal experiences. This is a common concept that is employed by any person who has the best interest of others at heart and would wish to be also warned in the same manner. Ideally, she may also have believed that email was one of means she could have used to reach many people within a short time. This may have been the only motivating factor that made her resort to the use of the medium and not any other construed ideologies that the company may have indicated. This is the information that Andrea did not get to share with her employers before she was dismissed; an explanation that could have cleared up issues. The depiction of the colored arm in her email may work against her because it is perceived as a gesture of racism. This may work against her considering that the company has got a specific policy on racism. It has clearly stipulated that one may not display or transmit sexually explicit images, messages or cartoons or email communications that may contain ethnic slurs or anything that may be construed as harassment or discredit others based on their national origin, race, sex, age, disability, sexual

The structure of a commercial aircraft

The structure of a commercial aircraft Introduction This is assignment is based on structure of an aircraft. The structure of an aircraft has been explained briefly in this assignment. I am going to start my assignment with typical aircraft diagram. This assignment is particular based on commercial aircraft, emphasising various major structural components. The major structural components refer to the primary structure of an aircraft. If the primary structure fails the aircraft wont be capable of flying anymore. It can lead to complete structural damage. I am going to do an intensive research on load transfer structure using Aircraft structure from engineering book, and I am going to explain about the maximum load case which will cover N-V diagram as well Structure Classification: For the purpose of assessing damage and the type of repair to be carried out on the aircraft the structure is divided into three main categories Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Primary Structure: Primary structure includes all the portions of the aircraft, the failure of which during flight or on the ground would cause catastrophic structural collapse and loss of control. Examples of Primary Structure include: Wings Fuselage Tail Landing Gear Wings Wing is a surface providing the lift to the aircraft. They are attached to fuselage on each side .They are usually in aerofoil shape. They can be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage depending on the required performance for the particular airplane. The number of wings can also vary. The wings consist of two essential parts. The internal wing structure which consist of spars, ribs, stringers and the external wing, which is the skin. C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPictureswing-components.gif Fig 2: Components of the wing (2) In a fixed-wing aircraft, the spar is the main structural member of the wing, located at right angle to the fuselage running spanwise. They run from the base of the wing toward the tip and are usually attached to the fuselage by the wing fittings. It carries flight loads and the weight of the wing. Sometimes more than one spar may be located on a wing or there might be none at all (3) In the framework of a wing, ribs are the crosspieces running from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing. The ribs give the wings its contour and shape and transmit the load from the skin to the spars. Ribs are also used in ailerons, elevators, fins and stabilizer (4) Stiffener which assists sheet materials to carry loads along their length. With integral construction they are machined or etched out of the skin panel Fuselage The body of the airplane, which carries the crew and payload, such as passengers or cargo, is called the fuselage. It looks like a tube which holds most of the aircraft together. The other structural units are directly or indirectly attached to it. It also provides stability and also control pitch and yaw movement of the aircraft C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPictureshttpimages.google.co.ukimgresimgurl=httpwww.grc.nasa.govWWWK-12airplaneImagesfuselage.gifimgrefurl=httpwww.grc.nasa.govWWWK-12airplanefuselage.htmlusg=__JKzqTJ1GPBfQcNIPubnvd2PTbqk=h=533w=710sz=22hl=enstart=1sig2=YzE.jpg (5) Fig 3: Fuselage Types of Structure: There are two different types of structure: Monocoque type Semi Monocoque type C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPicturesUntitled.jpg (6) Fig 4: Warren truss of welded tubular steel Monocoque Construction: This is further classified into the true Monocoque construction and the more common semi Monocoque construction. The true Monocoque construction uses formers, frames assemblies, and bulk heads to give shape to the fuselage, but the skin carries the primary stresses. Since the bracing members are present, the skin must be strong enough to keep the fuselage rigid. Thus, the biggest problem involved in Monocoque construction is maintaining enough strength while keeping the weight within allowable limits. C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPictureshttpairplanegroundschools.comAircraft-StructureFigure1-3.jpg.jpg (7) Fig5: Monocoque Construction Semi Monocoque Construction The semi monocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of the alloys of aluminium and magnesium, although steel and titanium are found in areas of high temperatures. C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPicturessemimonocoquefuselagedesign1.jpg (8) Fig6: Semi Monocoque Construction The principal structural parts of the fuselage are longerons, formers, stringers and bulkheads Longerons are main structural member of a fuselage or nacelle. Longerons are a thin strip of metal to which the skin of the aircraft is fastened. Longerons are attached to formers in the case of fuselage (9) The vertical structural members are referred to as bulk heads, frames and formers. The heaviest of these vertical members are located at intervals to carry concentrated loads and at points where fittings are used to attach other units, such as the wings, power plants, and stabilizers Tail The stabilizing surfaces at the rear of the airplane are the horizontal and vertical tails. These major components are often divided into smaller elements. The forward, usually fixed, part of horizontal tail is the horizontal stabilizer. Attached to it is a movable control surface called elevator. Changing the elevator deflection changes the lift on the horizontal tail and thereby controls the angle of attack and lift of the wing. Similarly, the vertical tail is divided into the fixed vertical stabilizer or fin and the rudder. The main role of horizontal stabilizer is to provide longitudinal stability about lateral axis. It refers to motion in pitch; thereby it controls the angle of attack. The main role of the vertical stabilizer is to provide directional stability about the normal axis. It controls the yawing motion of an aircraft. (10) Fig7: Empennage Load Transfer Structure The basic function of an aircrafts structure are to transmit and resist the loads applied on aircraft so the structure can provide aerodynamic shape and protect the aircraft from environmental conditions encountered in flight. The two classes of loads may be further divided into surface forces which act upon the surface of the structure and body forces which act over the volume of the structure and are produced by gravitational and inertial effects. Basically all air loads are the resultant of the pressure distribution over the surfaces of the skin produced by steady flight, manoeuvre or gust conditions. Generally, these resultant cause direct loads, bending, shear and torsion in all parts of the structure. First, we shall consider wing sections, while performing the same function can differ widely in their structural complexity. The shape of the cross section is governed by aerodynamic considerations and clearly must be maintained for all combinations of load. They also act with the skin in resisting the distributed aerodynamics pressure loads; they distribute concentrated loads into the structure and redistribute stress around discontinuities, such as undercarriage wells, inspection panels and fuel tanks, in the wing surface. Ribs increase the column buckling stress of the longitudinal stiffeners by providing end restraint and establishing their column length; in a similar manner they increase the plate buckling stress of the skin panels. In the outer portions of the wing, where the cross section may be relatively small if the wing is tapered and the loads are light, ribs act primarily as formers for the aerofoil shape. Fuselages, while of different shapes to the aerodynamics surfaces, comprise members which perform similar functions to their counterparts in the wings and the tailplane. Aerodynamics forces on the fuselage skin are relatively low; on the other hand, the fuselage supports large concentrated loads such as wing reactions, tailplane reactions, undercarriage reactions and it carries payloads of varying size and weight, which may cause large inertia forces. (11) Maximum Stress Load case Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft. When it is static, the force of gravity produces weight, which is supported by the landing gear. During flight manoeuvre causes acceleration or deceleration which increases forces and stresses on wings and fuselage. V-n Diagram (15) C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPicturesimage2.gif Fig 8: Manoeuvre Diagram This diagram illustrates the variation in load factor with airspeed for maneuvers. At low speeds the maximum load factor is constrained by aircraft maximum CL. At higher speeds the maneuver load factor may be restricted. The maximum manoeuvre load factor is usually +2.5 . If the airplane weighs less than 50,000 lbs., however, the load factor must be given by: n= 2.1 + 24,000 / (W+10,000) n need not be greater than 3.8. This is the required manoeuvre load factor at all speeds up to Vc, unless the maximum achievable load factor is limited by stall. The structural stresses to which the aircraft is subjected to its maximum: Tension Compression Torsion Shear Bending Tension It is defined as pull, in level flight, aircraft engine and propeller pulls the aircraft forward while fuselage and tail resist that movement because of the airflow around them. Airframe is stretched as a result. Elevator control cable is in additional tension when the pilot moves the control column Compression Compression is the resistance to crushing. Aircraft wings are subjected to compression stresses, on the ground aircraft landing gear struts are under compression stress C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPicturesaaaa.jpg (12) Fig 9: Compression and tension stress Torsion It results from a twisting force. It is produced in an engine crankshaft while the engine is running. The airframe is also subjected to stresses during turns. C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPicturesUntitled.jpg (13) Fig 10: Torsional stress Shear Shear stress is the outcome of sliding one part over the other in opposite directions. The rivets and bolts experience shear stresses. Bending Bending is a combination of tension and compression. The wing spars of an aircraft in flight are subject to bending stresses C:UsersRIZWAN ULLAHPictureshttpwww.aerospaceweb.orgquestionperformanceq0146.shtml.gif (14) Fig 11: Banking angle When the aircraft is taking a sharp turn most of the forces acting on the aircraft are its at maximum, because there are forces that tend to keep the aircraft in its original path.

Is John Stewart Mill a racist Essay

Is John Stewart Mill a racist? That is a very strong charge against someone that promotes the sovereignty of the individual over that of the race/community/state. Many critics run the gamut on this issue. Some believe that he is because the list of those entitled to personal autonomy excludes those that live in â€Å"backward societies. † Other critics argue that he is not because he acknowledges the achievements of other civilizations and trace any social defects to improper governance or depressed circumstances rather than physical characteristics, and he acknowledges the dark ages of Europe. Others read his work and pronounce him a British Nationalist (Varouxakis, p. 5-6). If he were racist, it would prove to be more symbolic than overt. Symbolic racism manifests in indirect ways; in the United States, many whites are not directly racist toward blacks, however, they are strongly opposed to affirmative action and busing black children to better schools (McConahay & Hough). On another level, whites are very reluctant to give away any of their power to other racial groups and offering more opportunities to minorities diminishes that power, and they know this on at least a subconscious level. Either way, he is acknowledged by many to be one of the most important figures of modern liberal thought. On Liberty was also one of the most famous books exploring the subject—mainly advocating the moral and economic emancipation of the individual from the state. The free and liberal state has only one rule: that each individual can do as he pleases as long as his actions do not harm others. However, if someone makes a conscious decision to harm himself only, it is not the role of society to stop him because it would interfere with his autonomy. For example, many people wanting the government to legalize drugs will use this argument, â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign† (Mill). However, many critics believe that these rights do not extend beyond the realm of Europe and the West, looking to interventionist actions taken by the US and the UK in the past decade, â€Å"The right to non-intervention, like the right to individual liberty, only belonged to those capable of using it, that is, to those ‘mature’ enough to think and judge for themselves and to develop unaided†(Parekh, p. 88). This paper seeks to assess how nineteenth-century liberalism furthered the imperial ambitions of European countries, its inherent disdain for other ways of life, and review some of the erroneous assumptions that led to the exploitation of colonial subjects. We will also examine some of its better premises and how they will apply in certain societies, and will try to definitively answer the question of his racism. In Mill’s time, Great Britain possessed one of the largest empires in the world. The crown had granted independence to small colonies like Ceylon during his lifetime. However, when the subject of independence for India was raised in parliament, Mills argued strongly against it (Parekh, p. 90). Perhaps he felt that they were not ready for independence because in his opinion, they were â€Å"backward. † If rumors of his nationalism have merit, then he might have feared that his country was losing power around the world. The idea of relinquishing rule might have been based on the assumption that other nations will grow to supplant Britain as the main superpower on earth. Also, if other nations with more backward beliefs were to possess resources that would make them wealthier and powerful than the civilized nations â€Å"The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection†(Mill). If this is taken in terms of global relations, allowing others to wield power would be seen as a direct threat to Britain’s position, and abdicating their holdings would be tantamount to putting themselves in the inferior position. In his own social context, Mill believed in the freedom to pursue activities, even immoral ones, provided that its pursuit does not harm anyone. The most obvious example of this is taking drugs. In Mill’s paradigm, a person smoking marijuana should not be punished for this action. Instead, society should only punish him if his actions under the influence lead to the injury or death of another person. On the grey areas of morality, scholars often dispute what it means to cause harm. For example, post-colonial theorist Bhiku Parekh argues that liberalism takes an intolerant, missionary, dogmatic slant to life. As a critic of J. S. Mill, Parekh picks apart liberalism in great detail, particularly the liberal’s paternalism or outright scorn toward non-liberal communities that do not value materialism or ambition He argues that liberals believe that their path is the only legitimate one and that non-liberal societies do not have the right to decide the course of their existence, or even the right to decide to exist at all independent of the dictates of a â€Å"superior civilization. â€Å"In order to justify the inherently unequal and exploitative colonial rule, liberals needed to show that the British had something to give to their colonies that the latter badly needed, were unable to acquire unaided, and which was so precious as to compensate for whatever economic and political price they were required to pay†(Parekh, p. 86). In the case of the British colonies, they brought civilization. India was considered civilized but stagnant, and needed British rule to move forward (Parekh, p. 88). The political actions on part of the British imply that there is only a small list of ideological, philosophical, and religious beliefs that can be considered civilized. In fact, according to Parekh, Mill resisted every parliamentary effort to grant India some measure of independence because he did not believe the nation was ready to stand on its own. Perhaps, Mill believed that the Indians would unintentionally harm themselves or others without interference, because that was his only justification for intervention. That is the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will†(Mill). Though India was recognized as civilized by the West, it was a civilization in its infancy, not yet ready for self-determination. Most of the â€Å"East† did not embrace capitalism and laissez-faire governments. The primary emphasis of each citizen was the community and the family rather than the individual. However, the European vision was spread throughout the world via colonialism. Had the Chinese or Indians taken over every continent on earth, the prevailing global norms would be quite different, and a new standard of values would be spread. In fact, Parekh raises the point that if one was to critique the West using non-liberal philosophical systems, it might be found lacking. â€Å"If we took the Indian, the Chinese or the Islamic views of man as our standard, it is the self-centric and even self-obsessed liberal societies that would appear inferior†(Parekh, p. 99). In the United States and Western Europe, there is a sharp separation between church and state, and strong social pressure to have the biggest, newest, and best products on the market. Other cultures value achievement much as well, but consumerism very little. Economic freedom in the West is greater than in China or India. â€Å"The tendency to homogenize the West and to view liberalism as its sole authentic voice is also evident in the way many contemporary liberals ground their moral judgments. Take the frequently invoked and philosophical dubious concept of moral intuition. Although liberal philosophers admit that moral intuitions are fallible and often confused and contradictory, they assign them an ontologically privileged status and view them as more or less authentic indicators of our cultural identity and expressive of our deepest moral being†(Parekh, p. 100). Mill embraced the ideal that each person was autonomous and needed to live according to his inclinations. Those living in societies that sublimated Mill’s fundamental law of human interaction needed to be guided toward the â€Å"truth† which lent his writing a feeling of religious certainty rather than racist sentiment. While Parekh saw liberalism as a system of thought that promoted racism and intolerance, Georgios Varouxakis argues differently. Although Mill was a man of his time, he was not a racist as he judged the merit of a culture by its technology and philosophy rather than the physical appearance of the citizens. While accepting vaguely that racial origin is one of the factors influencing the formation of national character, Mill went further to establish that racial predisposition in itself could prove nothing and was liable to be modified out of any recognition through the agency of circumstances such as institutions, historical accidents, and human Effort†(p. 43). For example, those dwelling at the bottom rungs of society often have no interest in working and try to do as little as possible because there is no genuine incentive for them to invest themselves in any way. Any race would be indolent and idle, he stressed, if the arrangements under which they lived and worked resulted in their deriving no advantage from forethought or exertion†(Varouxakis, p. 45). Examples of this include enslaved and oppressed African-Americans, the Irish under England, and the Dalits in India. Most members of an underclass lack ambition, not because they lack the intelligence, but because they believe that the hard work ahead of them will not amount to anything as they lack a stake in society. Parekh argues that liberalism is inherently European in character. He is correct in this assertion because in Western European culture, a significant portion of identity is derived from profession rather than through family unlike much of the world. Western Europeans also value rugged individualism much more than other cultures. This affection for personal independence existed prior to formalizing it into a philosophy. Varouxakis also shows evidence that liberal philosophy blurs the borders between nations, as it had gained the admiration of many people on earth. Mill’s own countrymen described him as an â€Å"extreme radical and ‘un-English’† before acknowledging his contribution to political theory (p. 1). Therefore, while liberalism is European (or English) in origin, it has grown far beyond its borders to inspire people in other countries to leave their homes and live a more ‘liberal’ and individualistic lifestyle. In sum, even though the people of Europe and Asia belong to different racial groups, the liberal devaluation of their culture is by no means racially motivated. Liberal ideology disdains all systems that subject the individual to the state, the group, or God. For example, while liberals were often contemptuous of the East and tribal cultures in general, they often did not think any better of the Fascists, Communists, and Socialists in their midst. Parekh is correct in arguing that contemporary liberalism does not allow for much variability in thought and belief, â€Å"In spite of their emphasis on choice and diversity then, most contemporary liberals are hostile to non-individualist forms of life. They aspire to a culturally homogeneous world in which all alike are wedded to the narrowly defined values of autonomy and choice†(Parekh, p. 101). The true liberal way of life would be broad enough to encapsulate everyone and prompt an exchange of ideas in order to continually reach for better solutions in this rapidly evolving world. Non-individualist cultures will not impose their views on those that do not follow their path, and individualists will live and let live.

Gender Expression Is An Area Of Research That Is Gaining

Gender expression is an area of research that is gaining more attention, and has been for quite some time. On the other hand, television has been a heavily consumed source of media with extensive research. By combining these two topics, it then becomes important to examine gender expression in television programs. Is there a correlation between heavy consumption of television programs with only cis-gendered characters and gender expression among teenagers ages thirteen to seventeen? Paying attention to how television programs display gender can help to identify why teenagers express their own gender in certain ways. And understanding this expression of gender has consequences in the psychological and physical well-being of teens. Knowing†¦show more content†¦Therefore, finding correlation is all that is possible. To identify a correlation between heavy consumption of television programs with strictly cis-gendered characters and gender expression among teenagers, it is necessary to perform both a survey and content analysis. A content analysis allows an identification and classification of television shows with only cis-gendered characters as sources of media that can impact teenagers. A survey allows for an identification of teenagers’ viewing habits and their gender expression. A survey is the simpler of the two methods when dealing with this subject, as it would require questions around viewing habits and gender expression. But surveys still have flaws. There is a potential that subjects surveyed will lie on the survey, skewing results. There is also a margin of error that comes along with surveys. Because of these limitations, there is no way to be one hundred percent sure that results are completely accurate. 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